萨沙历史上的今天。
作者：萨沙
本文章为萨沙原创，谢绝任何媒体转载
为何康熙不用戴梓发明的机枪？1716年5月10日《康熙字典》编成
《康熙字典》是在明朝梅膺祚《字汇》、张自烈《正字通》两书的基础上，增订的一部大字典。
《康熙字典》也是康熙做的几件好事之一，共收录了4万7000多个汉字，成为现代中国字典的母本。
不过，《康熙字典》并不完美，主要问题是错误很多，近代学者发现高达4000条错误。
今天我们不提《康熙字典》，就说说康熙时代的发明家戴梓。他发明了最早的“机关枪”，为何康熙却弃之不用？
戴梓发明的并不是机关枪，而是一种连发火铳。
在康熙年代，世界上的火枪都是前装火绳枪或者燧发枪。
子弹和火药分别从枪口装入，用通条捣结实，然后扣动扳机，火绳或者燧石撞击点火，完成火枪发射，清理枪膛准备下一次射击。
戴梓发明的连发火铳，提供了一种不用反复装弹的连射火器。
根据《国朝耆献类证初编》卷120中记载，戴梓曾向康亲王进献了“连珠火铳法”。
根据《清史稿》记载，戴梓的连珠火铳能够连续射击28发子弹
大体上，火枪将大量火药和子弹都装在一个机关里面，每扣动一次扳机，就会有一发子弹和部分火药进入枪膛内。射手再扣动扳机，就可以开枪发射。
这就大大减少了装弹时间，可以连续发射。
这里有一个很大的问题，就是装弹期间有一个通条捣实的步骤。燧发枪同今天的步枪不一样，不是说装了金属子弹就能够射击，还有用通条捣结实和清理枪膛这两步。
如果不能捣实，燧石击发以后未必能够点燃火药，即便采用西方比较先进的压制颗粒火药也不行。
另外，当年的火枪发射以后会留下不少火药残渣，需要经常清理枪膛。
连珠火铳仍然需要手工清理枪膛，甚至每枪都要清理，也就不存在连珠一说，只是提高了单发的速度。
所以，戴梓的连珠火枪没什么实战意义。它的结构比较复杂，制造困难，也容易损坏，留给康熙一个人玩玩还差不多。
只是，什么东西都是慢慢发展而来。
以火枪为例，西方是花费了几百年时间，慢慢从火绳枪改进到燧发枪。
只要持续保持持续的进步，任何事情都会有相对好的结果。
戴梓发明的实用性差，持续改进以后未必不会成为战争利器。
但是，这些发明并没有被重视。
我们看看戴梓是什么人？
戴梓是个很有天赋的人，在很多领域都有不错的才华。
戴梓擅长文学，12岁就有很高的文学才华，一生有诸如《耕烟草堂诗钞》等很多著作。
他对水利工程有研究，写过《治河十策》等水利方面著作。
他甚至颇为擅长音乐，参加过音乐著作《律吕正义》的编纂，全书保存了不少明清时代的音乐资料。
这个多才多艺的戴梓，最擅长的还是制造火器。
在戴梓所在的康熙时代，火绳枪也不是什么稀罕物。
早在明末时期，明军就已经大量使用火绳枪，当作对付蒙古和满清骑兵的杀手锏。
甚至大明的民间也有大量火枪：据《阎典史传》记载，江阴人民发动反清起义之前，城中有“火药三百罂、铅丸铁子千石、大炮百、鸟机千张、钱千万缗、粟麦豆万石，他酒酤、盐铁、刍藁称是。”鸟机就是火绳枪，仅仅江阴城中有千把鸟铳。
清朝的火绳枪到处都是，即便单发燧发枪不是什么稀罕物。
同沙俄交战第二次雅克萨之战，826名俄军拥有先进的燧发枪850支，清军维持吃了不少亏。
康熙有不少私藏燧发枪，用于私人打猎，乾隆的燧发枪更多，有些就像艺术品。
戴梓曾研发了一些单发的燧发枪，只是没有被重视。
为什么会这样？
满清认为火绳枪已经够用，燧发枪只是少了一根火绳，点火成功率较高而已。
相比当时的弓箭可以连珠射击，燧发枪似乎并没有什么优势。
满清很强调使用弓箭，对火枪不太看重，所以戴梓的发明被认为是奇巧淫技。
戴梓却对研究燧发枪很有兴趣，由此发明了连珠火铳。
戴梓所在的17世纪，西方有很多类似的连发燧发枪，技术上都不太成熟，不能用于军队高强度作战。
戴梓的这支枪也未必是原创，故宫里保存有一把康熙年间的20发连珠铳，是英国1650年制造。
一些西洋火枪通过贸易或者走私的方式流入中国，戴梓在1649年出生。
他有可能是看到这支火枪以后，进行了一定的改进，研发出28发的新枪。
自然，戴梓的能力还是很强的：1686年，荷兰政府派遣使者来到中国，并进贡“蟠肠鸟枪”，戴梓奉命仿造十枝枪，回赠荷兰使者。不久，他又奉命仿造佛朗机炮，只用了5天就完成。比利时传教士南怀仁曾向康熙炫耀西洋“冲天炮”（又称“子母炮”），并夸口说“冲天炮”只有比利时人能造，结果费时一年没造出来，而戴梓仅用八天造成。
不管怎么说，戴梓是一个高级军工发明家。
可惜这么一个人，注定在满清官场混不好。
戴梓会搞技术，不太会做官，得罪了很多人。
由南怀仁出面联合了一些官员，弹劾戴梓“私通东洋”。
满清是闭关锁国的，官员私下同外国人来往是非常严重的罪行。
戴梓同东洋人来往，并没有预先向朝廷汇报，被人抓住了辫子。
康熙对戴梓本来不重视，看到奏折以后就批复：“忌者中以蜚语，褫职，徙关东。后赦还家，留於铁岭，遂隶籍。”
总体来说，这还是皇帝轻判了，只是一个流放，没有杀头。
戴梓由此被流放到今天的沈阳，长达30年。
戴梓是个武器发明家，却没有老百姓的生活技能。被流放后他不可能去制造火枪，只能以卖字画度日，全家活的很凄凉“常冬夜拥败絮卧冷炕，凌晨蹋冰入山拾榛子以疗饥”。
好在戴梓的心态较好，活的比康熙还要长，到了雍正年间才去世，享年77岁。
在清代，戴梓的77岁绝对是高寿了。
戴梓的待遇说明了，发明家在满清并不受到重视，被当作是下等人，同工匠差不多。
戴梓即便有很多发明创造，康熙知道他的大名，也没有任何用处。
如果戴梓的研究持续下去，最低程度满清会淘汰所有火绳枪，批量装备燧发枪。
结果到了1840年战争的时候，部分英军已经使用了先进的击发枪，是燧发枪的下一代武器，而满清军队还在使用落后的火绳枪。
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2021届广州市高三英语测试题
本试卷共10页,满分120分。考试用时120分钟。
第二部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Exercising regularly notonly helps you keep slim, but also improves your overall health and well-being.Different exercises produce different results, as they focus on alternate partsof the body. There are four broad exercise categories: endurance, strength,flexibility, and balance. Many people often only focus on one exercise type,but including all four in your workout will produce better results and reduceyour risk of injury.
Endurance
Endurance exercisesincrease your breathing and heart rate. By doing endurance exercises, you are workingto keep your heart, lungs, and blood-flow system healthy while improving yourtotal fitness. Over time these activities will make everyday activities seemeasier.
Strength
If you want to build upyour muscles, then strength exercises, which are also known as “resistance training”,are right for you. Even the slightest increase in strength can make a hugedifference in your ability to carry out daily tasks. Developing strong musclesalso reduces your risk of weak bones.
Flexibility
Flexibility exerciseshelp stretch your body’s muscles. This allows for more of movement forother exercises and can also improve your range of motion, posture, ability tobreathe deeply, and blood flow. Also, it reduces the muscle tension caused bystress.
Balance
Balance exercises helpprevent falls and are especially important to older adults, helping them stay independent.Most good balance exercises are ones that keep you constantly moving with yourfeet on the ground. Heel-to-toe walking and standing on one foot are ways to improve balance.
21.How can a person benefit most from their exercise routine?
A. By combiningdifferent exercise types together
B. By having sufficientrest between their workouts
C. By concentrating onone training aspect at a time.
D. By increasing thefrequency of their training gradually.
22.Which exercise types are most useful to improve a person’s breathing function?
A. Strength and Balance B.Flexibility and Balance
C. Endurance andStrength D.Endurance and Flexibility
23Which part of the body plays the most important role in balance-relatedexercises?
A. Arms. B.Legs. C.Waist D.Neck
语篇类型：应用文主题语境：人与自我
A篇[语篇导读]文章主要介绍了四种锻炼方式及对于人们健康的好处。
21. A。直接信息题。由第一段最后一句Many people oftenonly focus on one exercise type, but including all four in your workout willproduce better results可知，要几种锻炼方式一起进行才能达到更好的效果，与选项A（将不同的运动类型组合在一起）意思一致。
22. D。间接信息题。由 Endurance段第一句increase your breathing…和Flexibility段第二句improveyour range of motion, posture, ability to breathe deeply…可知，这两种锻炼方式都对呼吸有好处。故选D项。23. B。由Balance段第二句keep you constantly moving with your feet可知，腿脚有助于运动平衡，因此选B项。A选项为手臂，C选项为腰部，D选项为脖子。
◎读后知识积累：overall/’əʊvərɔːl/ adj.全部的；全体的；well-being /ˈwel biːɪŋ/n. 幸福；康乐；workout/ˈwɜːkaʊt/ n. 锻炼；alternate/ɔːlˈtɜːnət/adj. 交替的，轮流的；posture/ˈpɒstʃə/n. 姿势；muscle tension肌张力；heel-to-toe walking脚跟行走；routine/ruːˈtiːn/ n.常规，惯例。
B
The history ofmicrobiology begins with a Dutch cloth maker named Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a manof no formal scientific education. In the late 1600s, Leeuwenhoek, inspired bythe magnifying lenses(放大镜) he used to examinecloth, built some of the first microscopes. He developed a technique to improvethe quality of tiny, rounded lenses, some of which could magnify an object upto 270 times. After removing some plaque from between his teeth and examiningit under a lens, Leeuwenhoek found tiny twisting creatures, Which he called “animalcules”.
His observations, whichhe reported to the Royal Society of London, are among the first descriptions ofmicrobes(微生物), Leeuwenhoek discovered an entireuniverse invisible to the human eye. He found different microbes in samples ofpond water, rain water, and human blood. He gave the first description of redblood cells, observed plant tissue, examined muscle, and investigated the life cycleof insects.
Nearly two hundred yearslater, Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microbes helped French chemist and biologistLouis Pasteur to develop his “theory of disease”. This concept suggested thatdisease originates from tiny organisms attacking and weakening the body.Pasteur’s theory later helped doctors to fight infectious diseases includinganthrax, diphtheria, polio, smallpox, tetanus, and typhoid. All thesebreakthroughs were the result of Leeuwenhoek’s original work. Leeuwenhoek did notforesee this legacy.
In a 1716 letter, hedescribed his contribution to science this way: “My work, which I’ve done for along time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chieflyfrom a strong desire for knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than inmost other men. And therefore, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I havethought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that the scientificcommunity might be informed thereof.”
24.Which of the following best describes Leeuwenhoek?
A. A trained researcherwith an interest in microbiology
B. A curious amateur whomade pioneer studies of microbes
C. A talented scientistinterested in finding a cure for disease
D A bored cloth maker whoaccidentally made a major discovery
25.The underlined phrase “this legacy” in paragraph 3 refers to_______.
A. the discovery ofmicrobes B. Pasteur’s theory of disease
C. Leeuwenhoek’scontribution D. the origin of the tiny organism
26.What does the quote from Leeuwenhoek’s letter suggest?
A. He admitted that manyof his discoveries happened by chance.
B. He considered hiswork to be central to later medical breakthroughs.
C. He was greatlyconcerned with improving people’s living conditions.
D. He believed thesharing of knowledge was a key to scientific progress
27.What is the correct order for the following events?
a. Magnifying lenseswere built.
b. The “theory of disease”was put forward
c Microbes werediscovered in samples of waters.
d. Leeuwenhoek’s firstmicroscopes were successfully developed.
e Leeuwenhoek explainedhis thoughts upon his own contribution.
A. a-d-c-e-b B. d-a-c-e-b C. a-c-d-b-e D. d-a-e-b-c
语篇类型：人物传记；主题语境：人与自然。
B篇[语篇导读]文章介绍了列文虎克发现微生物的历史。
24. B。观点态度题。第一段第一句说明了他没有接受过正式的科学教育，本段描述可知显微镜是Leeuwenhoek发明的，第二段第一句可知他也是第一个研究微生物的人，因此他是微生物研究的先驱者。故选B项（一个好奇的业余爱好者，他开创了微生物的研究）。
25. C。词义猜测题。this legacy指前面提到的All these breakthroughs were the result of Leeuwenhoek’s originalwork（所有这些成就都是Leeuwenhoek的原创成果），因此他没有预料到的是他的研究会带来这么多的成就（contribution），故选C项。
26. D。观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句he describedhis contribution to science this way（他描述了他对科学的贡献）及最后一句whenever Ifound out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down mydiscovery on paper, so that the scientific community might be informed thereof（每当我发现非凡之事，我会认为有义务把它们记录到纸上，这样的话科学界才能对我的这些发现有所了解）可知，故答案选D项（他相信共享知识促使科学进步）。
27. A。逻辑排序题。可先找出第一件事情（根据第一段In the late 1600s, Leeuwenhoek, inspired by the magnifying lenses(放大镜) he used to examine cloth, built some ofthe first microscopes得知先是放大镜被发明（a），Leeuwenhoek从中获得灵感发明了显微镜（d），由第二段He founddifferent microbes可知，再发现了微生物（c），从第三段第一句可知，在1600s显微镜被发明的两百年后，即大约在1800s “the theory of disease”被提出（b）。由最后一段In a 1716letter, he described his contribution to science this way可知他对他的贡献作出解释的信是发生在1716年（e），因此时间先后顺序应是a-d-c-e-b。答案选A项。
◎读后知识积累：breakthrough/ˈbreɪkθruː/n. 突破；突破性进展；foresee/fɔːˈsiː/ vt. 预见；预知；quote/kwəʊt/ vt. 引述；引用；pursue/pəˈsjuː/ vt. 从事；追赶；chiefly /ˈtʃiːfli/ adv. 主要地；thereof /ˌðeərˈɒv/ adv. 它的；由此。
C
Around 200 B. C,Aristophanes, an ancient Greek librarian, developed a system of marks to break uptext to make it easier to read. Before this, words were often written in onelong sentence without spaces between the words. Today in many languages — including English — there is a set ofrules on how to use full stops, commas and other text marks. However, somebelieve this is changing. Dr Robert Frost, who studies language, says people nolonger use full stops and other punctuation (标点)symbols because they feel their messages are clear enough without them. So, ispunctuation helpful or just troublesome?
Yes-punctuation isimportant
Punctuation is needed inorder to make the meaning of written words clear. If a parent messaged to say, “It’stime to eat, children”, this is different from, “It’s time to eat children”.The second sentence would probably make you want to run in the oppositedirection because it sounds as though children were on the menu. The author JonathanPierce argues that punctuation can be used to add drama, to break up thesequence of words and change the rhythm of a sentence. “It allows writers tomake sentences more interesting so the readers do not get bored,” Pierceclaims. “Otherwise, the words run into each other and lose their impact.”Besides, learning the different ways punctuation marks can be used is fun. Itcan add a lot to the style of writing and make it clearer.
No-we don’t need it
Punctuation. Even, if asentence is badly punctuated. like this one: It can still be, understood. This short piece oftext shows that it is the words that are the important part of the sentence,not the symbols between them. Oxford-based linguist Kelly Jones says, “It isthe order in which the words appear that conveys the meaning, not thepunctuation marks. If there is any doubt in the meaning of the sentence, peopleare clever enough to work out what the person is really trying to say. For instance,when people speak, they do not use punctuation and yet we can still understandeach other.” Also, punctuation can be confusing -there are lots of complexrules to observe, and if it is used incorrectly it can cause more problems thanif there were none, Punctuation simply isn’t needed.
28.What is the purpose of this passage?
A. To discussalternative viewpoints.
B. To support oneargument over another.
C. To evaluate thestrength of competing ideas.
D. To outline historicaldevelopment of language
29Who believes punctuation is necessary?
A. Robert Frost and KellyJones
B. Aristophanes andRobert Frost
C. Jonathan Pierce andKelly Jones
D. Aristophanes andJonathan Pierce
30.In paragraph 3, the underlined part is used as .
A. a definition B.a fact C.an example D. an error
31.Which of the following can be a strong argument against Kelly Jones’s opinion?
A Punctuation adds tothe effect and richness of a language.
B. Without punctuation,people would be breathless when speaking.
C Pauses and tones inspeech serve similar functions to punctuation.
D. The choice and orderof words are important to conveying meaning.
语篇类型：议论文；主题语境：人与社会
C篇[语篇导读]本文主要讨论了标点符号是否有用。
28. A。写作目的题。本篇文章是一篇议论文，根据文体特点，文章的主旨应该是第一段。第一段的主旨句是最后一句So，is punctuation helpful or just troublesome?再根据下文可知，本文的写作目的是讨论标点符号到底是有用还是冗余，故选项A正确。
29. D。间接信息题。根据题干“谁相信标点符号有用”定位到第一段Greek librarian, developed a system of marks to break up text tomake it easier to read和第二段Jonathan Pierce argues that punctuation canbe used to add drama, to break up the sequence of words and change the rhythmof a sentence可知，答案选D项。
30. C。写作意图题。根据第三段This short piece of text shows that it is the words that are theimportant part of the sentence, not the symbols between them说明这个短句的作用是展示词汇才是句子的重要部分而不是词汇之间的符号，可知划线句子的作用就是举例子展示。答案选C项。
31. A。间接信息题。根据题干Kelly Jones’s opinion定位到第三段， Kelly Jones所说It isthe order in which the words appear that conveys the meaning, not thepunctuation marks可知，Kelly认为是词汇的顺序影响具体意义，而不是标点符号，她认为标点符号对meaning无影响。而本题要求找到与Kelly观点最相反的选项，只有A选项和Kelly的观点最相悖。
◎读后知识积累：punctuation/ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃn/n. 标点；alternative/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ adj. 供选择的；选择性的；viewpoint/ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/ n. 观点；视角；definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/ n. 定义；error /ˈerə/ n. 误差；错误。
D
To many people, honey beessymbolize wealth, sustainability and environmentalism. But as a honey beeresearcher, I have to tell you that only the first item on that list isdefensible. Although they are important for agriculture, honey bees, which areusually imported from outside the local area, also disturb natural ecosystemsby competing with native bees.
For several years the media hastold us that bee populations are under threat. In response to this media campaignto “save the bees”, raising honey bees has become a popular hobby. But as a species,honey bees are least in need of saving. Much media attention is given to honeybees at the expense of native bees, and this has led many citizens — myselfonce included — to mistakenly believe they are doing a good thing for theenvironment by raising honey bees. Unfortunately, they are probably doing moreharm than good.
“Beekeeping is for people; it’s nota conservation practice,” says Shelly Smith, an environmental scienceprofessor. “People mistakenly think keeping honey bees also helps the nativebees, which are at risk of extinction. That’s wrong.”
Smith and her research teamrecently surveyed one thousand local people in Canada and found that they had asurprisingly poor understanding of bee types and their roles in promotingflower growth. Most people’s attention is on saving honey bees when, from aconservationist’s point of view, native bees are the ones in more need ofsupport.
“To make matters worse, beekeepingcompanies and various non-science-based projects have financially benefitedfrom the decline of native bee populations,” Smith explains. “These companies pretendthey are interested in saving bees but their actions are actually damaging thenative bee populations.”
The introduction of honey beesincreases competition with native bee populations for food, putting even morepressure on the wild species that are already in decline. Honey bees areextremely efficient food gatherers and take over almost all local flowerresources, thus leading to damaging competition— that is, whereone species uses up a resource, not leaving enough to go around.
32.Which statement does the writer argue for?
A. Honey bees endangernative bees.
B. Honey bees are asymbol of wealth.
C. Honey bees areimportant for agriculture.
D. Honey bees can defendnatural ecosystems.
33.What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. Beekeeping is astill-popular traditional hobby.
B. The media isresponsible for misleading the public.
C. Citizens’ attempts toprotect the environment are effective.
D. The media campaignhas failed to promote honey bee businesses.
34.What surprised Shelly Smith’s team?
A. Beekeeping companies’ great profits.
B. The quick expansion ofbee-friendly habitats.
C. The public’signorance of bee varieties and roles.
D. Insufficientattention given to saving honey bees.
35.How does the writer develop the last paragraph?
A. By listing examples. B. By comparisons.
C. By analyzing surveydata. D. By explaining causeand effect.
语篇类型：说明文；主题语境：人与自然
D篇[语篇导读]文章主要说明了
D篇是一篇关于蜜蜂的引入会使野生蜜蜂受到威胁的议论文
32. A。主旨大意题。根据首段最后一句honey bees, …, also disturb natural ecosystems by competing withnative bees可知，作者提出蜜蜂会与野生蜜蜂竞争，从而打扰了自然生态系统。根据尾段The introduction of honey bees increases competition with native beepopulations for food, putting even more pressure on the wild species that arealready in decline可知引入蜜蜂会让本就数量下降的野生蜂蜜面临更大的生存压力，再结合全文内容推断答案选A项（蜜蜂让野生蜂蜜陷入困境）。
33. B。隐含意义推测题。第二段作者提出，媒体一直强调蜜蜂的数量岌岌可危，以牺牲本土蜜蜂为代价发起“拯救蜜蜂”运动，因此人们都误以为养蜜蜂是一件环保的事情。不幸的是，它们可能弊大于利。因此可推断答案选B项（媒体需要为误导大众而负责）。
34. C。间接信息题。根据题干可定位到第四段they had a surprisingly poor understanding of bee types and theirroles in promoting flower growth（出乎意料的是，当地人们几乎不了解蜜蜂的种类以及它们对于促进花朵生长的角色），因此答案选C项（公众对于蜜蜂种类及其角色的忽视）。
35. D。写作手法题。最后一段第一句是主题句，也是结果：蜜蜂引入后会与野生蜜蜂的竞争，使野生蜜蜂陷入危机。接着作者分析了导致野生蜂蜜数量减少的原因：蜜蜂采集花粉的速度极快，野生蜂蜜无法找到花粉食用，这就导致了毁灭性竞争。因此选D项（通过因果关系发展段落）。
◎读后知识积累：sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ n. 持续性；environmentalism/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪzəm/n. 环境保护论；defensible/dɪˈfensəbl/ adj. 可防御的；ecosystem/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ n. 生态系统；atthe expense of以…为代价；endanger/ɪnˈdeɪndʒə/ vt. 危及；expansion /ɪkˈspænʃn/ n. 膨胀；阐述；ignorance /ˈɪɡnərəns/ n. 无知，愚昧；variety/vəˈraɪəti/ n. 多样；种类；insufficient /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃnt/adj. 不足的。
第二节(共5小题:每小题2.5分、满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多
余选项。
Do you like the idea of runningyour own business from home? Most of you do, and the first things you say youlike about it are being your own boss, having flexible hours and working In yourpajamas(睡衣). 36
Being your own boss is definitelyone big advantage. 37 Youmust commit to work on your business regularly to make profits. If not, youwill find that your income becomes non-existent. So, have set office hourswhere you productively work on building your business.
38 Doctors’ appointments and family commitmentscan simply be worked into your schedule. Again, you need to arrange yourappointments carefully and try to book them together. This way you can get allof your running around done in one day.
Working in your pajamas may seemappealing initially. But it can also prevent you from actually getting yourwork done. 39 Afterthat, just walk into your office and start your day’s work. Being too casualmeans getting less work done on a regular basis.
In order to run a successfulbusiness from home you need to have a good mindset. 40 Taking off too many hours each week willdamage your financial stability and long-term success. Set goals and limits onyour time. Build your business first, before taking advantage of what working fromhome offers.
A. But it can alsobecome your downfall without care.
B. Flexible hours areanother huge plus of working from home.
C. Once it’s achieved,you’ ll have more opportunities to develop business contacts.
D. You may find it moreefficient to get up, exercise, then shower and dress for work.
E. This includesrealizing that you and only you are responsible for your own income.
F. One of the biggestdrawbacks is that it is so easy to allow yourself to have excuses.
G. While these benefitssound great, the reality of working from home can be a little different.
语篇类型：说明文：主题语境：人与社会
七选五篇[语篇导读]文章主要介绍了在家经营公司虽然有其好处，但也有需要克服的实际困难。
36。G。考查细节句。根据空前提到在家办公的好处：being your own boss，havingflexible hours和 working in your pajamas可知，答案选G项。thesebenefits指代空前提到的好处。
37。A。考查细节句。空前谈到独自创业的优势，而A选项（但独立创业也可能不小心成为你的负面影响）中的But与前一句形成转折关系。If not, you will find that your income becomes non-existent是说明downfall的具体内容。
38。B。考查主题句。空格位于段首应该是主题句，选B项，其中another huge plus呼应第二段首句one big advantage。
39。D。考查细节句。空前表示原因，讲到在家办公穿着睡衣似乎很吸引人，但也会影响人完成工作。空格表示结果，故选D项（你可能会发现起床、锻炼、洗澡和穿好衣服工作会更有效率）。何况空后句代词that指代D选项中的get up，exercise，shower and dress for work。
40。E。考查细节句。根据空前句（为了在家经营成功的企业，你需要有一个良好的心态），E选项中代词This指代良好的心态，具体是指保证自己的收入的心态。
◎读后知识积累：flexible /ˈfleksəbl/ adj. 灵活的；productively /prəˈdʌktɪvli/ adv. 有结果的；有成果的；initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli/adv. 最初，首先；appealing /əˈpiːlɪŋ/ adj. 吸引人的；stability /stəˈbɪləti/n. 稳定性；drawback /ˈdrɔːbæk/n. 缺点，不利条件；mindset/ˈmaɪndset/ n. 心态；倾向；definitely /ˈdefɪnətli/adv. 清楚地，当然。
第三部分语言运用(共两节,满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分,满分15分）
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Camogli looks like any other smallItalian coastal town. The little 41 houses face the sea, The sunlight warms theirbeauty. But, look carefully and you’ ll see many things that seem 41 ...butthey’re not.
This fishing village is full of trompel’oeil—an art form in which nothing iswhat it appears to be. While some flowers die, others live for years. Why?Because they’re 43 onthe building!
Trompe l’oeil has been around forcenturies. 44 , Camogli’s fishermen painted theirhouses in bright colors and unusual designs, so that they could see their homes 45 from the water. Then, in the1700s, it became a way to make small, buildings look 46 and high-valued.
And today? There are still many trompel’oeil houses in villages like Camogli, but only a few artists are 47 to paint them. Carlo is one of thisever-decreasing band of artists who’s managed to make a business out of it.
His 48 are often people who want to improve theirhome’s 49 . But for Carlo trompe l’oeil’spurpose is to bring something 50 to a new place, such as bringing the city tothe sea or even the deserts to the cities.
Carlos painting style 51 the past. He only uses old-style paints andmixes them by hand. He does so for one reason: to protect the trompe l’oeil 52 . He also believes this art should be 53 everywhere.
Fortunately, in Camogli, local artand culture are still 54 .But remember, don’t always
55 your eyes!
41.A. colored B. crowded C. damp D. wooden
42.A. fancy B. novel C.real D.valuable
43.A. carved B. pressed C. painted D. planted
44.A. Creatively B. Mistakenly C.Frequently D. Originally
45.A. closely B. easily C.happily D. hopefully
46.A. comfortable B. complicated C grand D. harmonious
47.A. allowed B. available C. responsible D. introduced
48.A. designers B. followers C.customers D. partners
49.A. appearance B. capacity Cnvenience D. privacy
50.A. civilized B. faraway C. natural D. unexpected
51.A. comes from B. brings about C. goes against D. leaves out
52.A. artists B. buildings C. paints D.traditions
53.A. accepted B. discussed C.learned D. seen
54.A. changing B. alive C. diverse D. unique
55.A. believe B. block C.widen D.cheat
语篇类型：文化类说明文；主题语境：人与社会
[语篇导读]本文作者介绍了意大利的一项传统艺术——trompe l’oeil (错视画)。
41. A。语境结构衔接的考查。colored有颜色的；crowded拥挤的；damp潮湿的；wooden木制的。根据后文得知这些房子的外观是由颜料涂成的各种样子，colored修饰houses符合题意。
42. C。语境结构衔接的考查。根据后暗示While some flowers die, others live for years得知，但是看清楚，你会发现很多东西很逼真，但是她们不是真的。fancy复杂的；昂贵的；精致的；novel新奇的；real真的；valuable珍贵的。
43. C。语境结构衔接的考查。这些建筑的外观应该是画出来的，故答案选C项。carved雕刻；pressed挤；painted画；planted种植。
44. D。语境结构衔接的考查。根据上下文得知这是此种绘画的历史的介绍，有明显时间关系，故答案选D项。Creatively有创造性地；Mistakenly错地；Frequently频繁地，经常地；Originally起初地。
45. B。逻辑衔接的考查。根据上下文逻辑得知，五颜六色的外墙是为了使在海里看起来更容易。closely接近地；easily容易地；happily幸福地；hopefully有希望地。easily符合题意。
46. C。语义衔接的考查。根据并列形容词high-valued的线索得知应该选择近义表达，故答案选C项。comfortable舒适的；complicated复杂的；grand豪华的；harmonious 和谐的。
47. B。逻辑衔接的考查。根据but可知前后是转折关系，在Camogli这样的村庄里，仍然有许多错视画室，但现有的能够绘制这种房子外观的艺术家所剩无几。available可使用的；responsible负责的。B项符合题意。
48. C。语境结构衔接的考查。根据上下文得知应该是“画家”和“消费者”之间的关系，消费者雇佣画家用来装饰他们房子的外观，故选C项。
49. A。语境结构衔接的考查。常识判断。消费者雇佣画家是用来装饰他们房子的外观。appearance外观；capacity能力；convenience便利；privacy隐私。
50. D。语境结构衔接的考查。根据后暗示bringing the city to the sea or even the deserts to the cities（把城市帯到海洋，把沙漠帯到城市）说明了绘画的具体内容是别出心的，只有D项符合题意。civilized文明的；faraway遥远的；natural自然的；unexpected出乎意料的。
51. A。语境结构衔接的考查。根据后文usesold-style paints and mixes them by hand可知，他运用传统风格的颜料和徒手把这些颜料混合，说明Caro的风格是来自于过去。comes from来自；brings about引起；goes against不利于，违反；leaves out遗漏，省去。
52. D。语境结构衔接的考查。根据前文Carlo是遵循传统技法，使用传统颜料手工绘制，推出其目的为了保护trompe l’oeil的传统，因此选D项。artists艺术家；buildings建筑；paints颜料；traditions传统。
53. D。语境结构衔接的考查。句意：Carlo保护trompe l’oeil这一艺术形式，他也相信这种艺术形式应该到处被看到。故答案选D项。accepted被接纳；discussed被谈论；learned被学习；seen被看到。
54. B。语境结构衔接的考查。根据前文Thereare still many trompe l’oeilhouses in the village like Camogli得知这种艺术和文化形式还是继续存在着。答案选B项。changing改变的；alive活着；继续存在；diverse不同的；多种多样的；unique独特的。
55. A。语境结构衔接的考查。根据前文Thisfishing village is full of trompe l’oeil—an art form in which nothing iswhat it appears to be（这个渔村到处都是错视画——一种不像表面那样的艺术形式）可知，不能相信眼睛所看到的。故答案选A项。believe相信；block堵塞，阻塞；widen (使)变宽；cheat作弊。
第二节(共10小题:每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A comforting cup of tea is anessential part of the day for hundreds of millions of people around the globe.Worldwide, three cups of tea 56 (consume)for every cup of coffee. To 57 (full)appreciate the ancient roots of the herbal drink, a visit to the China NationalTea Museum might be in order. The institution has a long history.
58 (locate) in Hangzhou,the museum occupies a parklike setting. Inside, various halls demonstrate thestory of tea, its ceremonies(仪式) and its tools. Recordsof tea drinking date as far back as the 59 (ten)century B.C. in China. Originally theleaves were baked into a brick, a part of 60 could be broken off and made into a powder (粉状物).Tea spread into northern China during the Tang Dynasty; by the Song Dynasty it 61 (acquire)a loose-leaf production as well asthe ceremonies that made its consumption 62 art form.
The art of tea extended to itsfancy containers, which are 63 display at the museum.Gracefully rounded kettlesdate back 5,000 years; tea bowls from the Tang Dynasty have a beautiful simplicity.Today 64 (visit) can observe a tea ceremony that mightbe enough 65 (change)even the most passionate coffee drinker
语篇类型：说明文；主题语境：人与社会
[语篇导读]文章讲述中国茶文化的起源和发展
56. are consumed。考察谓语动词。主语three cups of tea，与谓语动词 consume之间是被动关系，时态是一般现在时，所以答案填are consumed。
57. fully。考察副词。空格修饰动词appreciate，故用副词形式fully。
58. Located。考察非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词occupies，故使用locate的非谓语形式be located in坐落于是固定搭配，空格需填Located。
59. tenth。考察序数词。通过前文the的提示和后文某某世纪的用法，本空用ten的序数词形式tenth。
60. which。考察连词。本句有两个谓语动词，故推断本空为连词。其次根据“最初茶叶会被烘焙成一块砖形，茶砖的一部分有时会被破坏变成碎粉”可知考察的是定从，能用在介词后且代表物的用which。
61. had acquired。考察动词时态。通过句首“by + 过去时间点”的提示，本句谓语动词需用过去完成时态。
62. an。考察冠词。可数名词，第一次出现且无特指，故使用不定冠词an。
63. on。考察介词固定搭配。on display展览、展出。
64. visitors。考察名词。本句缺主语，故需用visit的名词形式visitor，这里泛指游客，需用名词复数visitors。
65. to change。考察非谓语动词。that引导从句已有谓语动词might be，故空格需填非谓语动词，be enough to do足以做某事，故空格填to change。
第四部分写作(共两节,满分40分)
第一节 (满分15分)
假定你是李华,上周你校举办了首届生活技能云端展示活动,主题为”劳动创造美好生活(Work Creates a Better Life)”。请你为校英文报写一篇报道,内容包括：
1. 活动主题；
2. 展示内容(烹饪、急救等)；
3. 活动反响。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
The First Online Life Skills Show |
本次应用文写作的内容是为校英文报写一篇报道，回顾校首届生活技能云端展示活动。本题题材源于生活，但略显新颖，审题需要仔细考虑。在构思内容的时候，建议考生关注：①关于活动的时间地点，考生需根据“云端展示”设置合理的情景。②活动反响要紧扣活动主题及展示内容。③报道体裁的相关结构和常见句式，都应该仔细斟酌。
作答示例:
The First Online Life Skills Show
Last week, our school’s first ever Online Life Skills Show, themed “Work Creates a Better Life”, attracted over 500,000 online visitors, including students, parents and teachers. Nearly every student demonstrated their works online and the presentations ranged from cooking traditional meals, to how to perform first aid, to tips on growing vegetables on your balcony. The event was a huge success and has had a positive effect on everyone involved. “This project has meant a lot to my kid. We’ve watched him grow and become more responsible and thoughtful. He is enjoying life more as well as academic progress,” wrote one parent on the website’s comment board.
第二节(满分25分
阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
It took place in ateachers family. One day, Ben was playing basketball in the living room after school,when he accidentally threw the ball at a vase sitting on the shelf. The vase droppedto the floor and a large piece broke off. What made Ben more upset was that thevase was not a common decoration but an antique, which was handed down throughgenerations from the 18th century. It was also his mother’s favouritepossession. To cover his terrible action, the terrified boy glued the pieces togetherhastily and put the vase back to its place.
As the mother herselfdusted the vase every day, she naturally noticed the cracks(裂纹)that evening. To her surprise, the repair work was actually very good. Atdinner time, she asked her boy if he broke the vase. Fearing punishment, thesuddenly inspired boy said that a neighbour’s cat jumped in from the window andhe couldn’t drive it away no matter how hard he tried. It raced around the livingroom and finally knocked the vase off its shelf. His mother was quite clearthat her son was lying, for all the windows were closed before she left forwork each morning and opened after she returned. However, in the face of herson’s nervous eyes and the suspicious looks of the other family members. Ben’smother remained calm. She realized she shouldn’t just simply blame and punishher son for lying. She came up with another idea.
Before going to bed, theboy found a note from his mother in his room, asking him to go to
thestudy at once. The boy thought he would now be punished but, as he had alreadylied, he was determined to deny everything to the end, no matter how angry hismum became.
In the study, calmly bathedin the light, his mothers face showed no sign of anger. On seeing her son pushopen the door and cautiously enter, she took a chocolate box out of a drawerand gave him one.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
The mother said, “This chocolate is a reward for your imagination: a window-opening cat!” Now with some chocolates in hand, the boy’s bad attitude disappeared. |
读后续写部分，原文思路清晰，讲述了小男孩Ben不小心打破花瓶，修补后谎称是猫咪的错，母亲循循善诱让男孩认识诚实的重要性。全文难点在于，考生在阅读过程中需要准确捕捉细节：母亲作为老师的身份、小男孩在妈妈引导下的多次心理变化、母亲的神态等，从而得出符合情节发展的续写设计。在语言运用上，在续写中需要尽量与原文风格保持一致。
作答示例：
The mother said, “This chocolate is a reward for your imagination: a window-opening cat!” She praised her son’s creativity and even encouraged him to write a detective story. The son was surprised. But before he could say anything, the mother continued, “This chocolate is a reward for your ability to repair the vase. A good effort!” She added that although he repaired it only with glue, the cracks were almost invisible. The mother made no mention of her son’s mistake, offering only encouragement and praise for his resourcefulness, along with chocolates as rewards.
Now with some chocolates in hand, the boy’s bad attitude disappeared. He tried to say something but his mother stopped him. She gave a soft kiss on his forehead and walked out of the room. After the incident, life at the home was the same as before. The only change was that the boy never lied again. Whenever he thought of lying, the chocolates would flash before him right away. The mother had corrected her son’s mistake, not by blaming or punishment, but through rewards.
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有人问：随园诗话中，袁枚提到的于耐圃相公和鄂西林相公的的两幅对联，到底是谁写得更好一些呢?
前言《随园诗话》的作者清朝诗人袁枚(1716年3月25日-1798年1月3日)，这是一本关于诗歌美学和诗歌理论的著作，题主的问题出现在<随园诗话>卷一：
于耐圃相公，构蔬香阁，种菜数畦，题一联云：“今日正宜知此味；当年曾自咬其根。”鄂西林相公，亦有菜圃对联云：“此味易知，但须绿野秋来种；对他有愧，只恐苍生面色多。”两人都用真西山语；而胸襟气象，却迥不侔。
这两幅对联在清朝人梁章钜(1775-1849)的《楹联丛话全编》中也能见到:
于文襄公敏中尝治蔬圃，自题圃门联云：“今日正宜知此味；当年曾自咬其根。”鄂文端公鄂尔泰亦有菜圃长联云：“此味易知，但须绿野亲身种；对他有愧，只恐苍生面色多。”用意各别，皆格言也。
袁枚认为于耐圃相公和鄂西林相公“胸襟气象，却迥不侔”，而梁章钜却说“用意各别，皆格言也”，一个有高下之分，一个说他们平分秋色。
到底随园老人评价中，于耐圃相公的好呢，还是鄂西林相公的好呢？这样分有没有道理？
一、三个人物这里提到了两个相公，相公是旧时对于宰相的尊称
于耐圃相公，清朝乾隆时期的重臣于敏中（1714年—1780年），字叔子，一字重棠，号耐圃，江苏金坛人。于敏中出身簪缨世家，他在乾隆时官至文华殿大学士兼军机大臣，曾作为汉臣首揆执政，因此被称为于耐圃相公。
鄂西林相公，指康乾两朝的重臣鄂尔泰（1677—1745年），西林觉罗氏。雍正帝驾崩时与张廷玉等同受遗命辅政，担任总理事务大臣，历任军机大臣、领侍卫内大臣、议政大臣等等。
袁枚说“两人都用真西山语”，真西山，指南宋的真德秀（1178年—1235年），号西山。他是南宋后期著名的理学家，继朱熹后的理学传人，创“西山真氏学派”人称“西山先生”。
二、很多人认为鄂尔泰更胜一筹不少人评价鄂尔泰这副对联的胸襟气象更胜一筹：
此味易知，但须绿野亲身种；对他有愧，只恐苍生面色多。
原因很明显，下联有悲天悯人、同情苍生的意思。
不过，也有人认为，下联“对他有愧，只恐苍生面色多”有点高高在上、俯视百姓的优越感。
而于敏中的对联，似乎境界、气象窄小：
今日正宜知此味；当年曾自咬其根。
今日正宜知此味，上联与鄂尔泰的上联相仿，下联也只从自身说起，没有显示出更广的胸怀与志向。于敏中姿态放得比较低，没有鄂尔泰的气魄。
因此被认为与鄂尔泰的气象“迥”不侔。大多数读者都比较认可袁枚的这种判断。
是这样吗?
三、于敏中的气象梁章钜认为二人“用意各别，皆格言也”，是对二人给予同等的评价。
为什么呢？我们可以看看于敏中对联里面暗藏的机关，不过，首先要知道真西山说了什么？
在南宋罗大经 的 《鹤林玉露》中有这么一段：
真西山论菜云：“百姓不可一日有此色，士大夫不可一日不知此味。”余谓百姓之有此色，正缘士大夫不知此味。若自一命以上至于公卿，皆是咬得菜根之人，则当必知其职分之所在矣，百姓何愁无饭吃。
可知，袁枚说他们二人引用“真西山语”，是这两句话：
百姓不可一日有此色，士大夫不可一日不知此味。
老百姓不能面有菜色，但是当官的人，不能不知道这种事情，即避免让老百姓饿肚子。这不是就是鄂尔泰的“对他有愧，只恐苍生面色多”吗?
再来品味一下于敏中的上联：今日正宜知此味。也就是“士大夫不可一日不知此味”的意思，和鄂尔泰的下联，完全是一回事。
于敏中下联里，咬其根即咬菜根，原本出自北宋汪革的名言 ：
人能咬得菜根断，则百事可做。
意思是，只要坚强地适应贫苦，什么事做不成呢？
罗大经对于这句话的解读：
若自一命以上至于公卿，皆是咬得【菜根】之人，则当必知其职分之所在矣，百姓何愁无饭吃。《鹤林玉露》
可见于敏中这副对联的下联也不简单：
当年曾自咬其根。
我当年曾经吃过苦中苦，所以今天更要注意百姓的甘苦：今日正宜知此味。上下联是倒装之法。
儒家的理想是修身齐家治国平天下，只要咬得菜根断，那么齐家治国的理想自然也能够去追求和实现。
四、两幅对联 哪个更好一些？两幅对联，有两个评价，无论是梁章钜的“用意各别，皆格言也。”，还是袁枚的“胸襟气象，却迥不侔。”其实说的都对。
于敏中的对联表面上似乎“气象不侔”，但是其内在含义，和鄂尔泰其实没有区别。如此看来，于敏中的对联，含而不露、意境深远，比起鄂尔泰的浅白直露似乎更符合诗骚之旨，是诗人的高明之处。
用王国维的理论来说，于敏中有点“隔”，深意不太好理解。鄂尔泰的对联“不隔”更容易理解。
这也很可能是汉臣与满族大臣的在政坛气质上的不同，汉人要收敛得多。
清朝诗坛大家王士祯主张“神韵说”，他认为杜牧"至竟息亡缘底事?可怜金谷坠楼人"，不如王维的"看花满眼泪，不共楚王言"。
因为杜牧自己表达了自己的看法，而王维不直接表达出来，而是让读者去领会和感受。因此王士祯认为：更不著判断一语，此盛唐所以为高"。
梁章钜认为两人不分高下，应该也有此意。
不过，袁枚却很看不上王士祯，袁枚主张性灵说，认为有真感情就要表达出来。所以他认为鄂尔泰的好。
结束语欣赏对联也好，欣赏诗词也好，同一首作品或者同一作者的作品，有人喜欢，有人就不喜欢。
例如杜甫虽为诗圣，但是宋朝人陈善在《扪虱新话》记载，杨亿和欧阳修”皆不喜杜诗，二公岂为不知文者，而好恶如此。“
从我个人的观点来看，于敏中这副对联含蓄蕴藉而意味深远，更得诗家真味。鄂尔泰的对联明白直观，更容易引起读者共鸣，这种风格的作品更容易流传。
我个人更喜欢于敏中的对联，但是这种风格的作品，可能曲高和寡。
@老街味道
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